Correlation of Body Mass Index with Pulmonary Function Tests in North Indian Females

Introduction: Obesity is becoming one of the serious publichealth problems of modern world with rapidly changinglifestyles involving consumption of high calorie foods withdecreased physical activities. Spirometery is the initialscreening tool for pulmonary diseases. The aim of this studywas to evaluate the prevalence of deranged BMI, pulmonaryfunction tests and correlation between BMI and pulmonaryfunction test.Material and methods: This study was done on 300 femalesubjects in the age group of 18-25 years including 150 fromrural area and 150 from urban area of North Indian populations.Various anthropometric measurements (height, weight) weretaken. BMI was calculated. Parameters of pulmonary functiontests such as FVC, FEV1,FEV1/FVC,FEF25-75%,PEFR weremeasured by spirometer.Results: The mean value of BMI in rural and urban populationis (23.33±4.75) and (22.55±4.57) respectively. On comparingPulmonary function parameters of both the population, allthe parameters were significantly higher in urban populationexcept FEV1/FVC.Conclusion: Prevalence of deranged BMI was significantlyhigher in rural population. Negative correlation found betweenBMI with Pulmonary function tests in both population exceptFEV1 and FVC which showed positive correlation in urbanpopulation.

Screening of Presence of Extra Y Chromosome in Aggressive Tall Males of North Indian Region.

Background: Aggression has been hypothesised with biological instinctual theory, frustration theory and social learning theory. The biological instinctual theory was based on hereditary factors and is associated with XYY syndrome. Objectives: To find out the presence of extra Y chromosome in aggressive taller males of north Indian region. Materials and Methods: Buss and Perry questionnaire was used to find out the aggression of the subjects. The height was measured with the help of metallic tape. Quinacrine dihydrochloride and Macllvaines Buffer was used to stain the buccal smear slide for the general screening of the number of Y chromosomes. The conventional metaphase was prepared for the confirmation of number of Y chromosomes and the slides were stained with giemsa. Observations: The aggression was found more in taller males and they had no extra Y chromosome. Conclusions: Extra Y chromosome may be the cause of aggression and more height in males. But in the present study of males of north Indian region no extra Y chromosome was found in aggressive and taller males.

Evaluation of Techniques for Cleaning Embalmed Cadaver Bones.

Objective: The present study was conducted to find new technique for development of bone specimens from cadavers. Material andmethods: Long bones, skull and other bones from embalmed cadaver were taken and cleansed by variousmethods. Fourmethods were employed for preparing specimens. In 1stmethod boneswere boiled in tap water for 7-8 hours on gas stove. In 2nd method bones were immersed in water with addition of detergent at constant temperature. In 3rd method bones were kept at constant temperature in water without addition of detergent. In 4th method bones were buried for onemonth under superficial surface of soil during rainy season after boiling the bones for 7-8 hours Observations: Use of detergent in warmwater (65oC) was good for cleaning long bones while best result for long bones as well as skull was seen with boiling followed by burial of embalmed specimens. Results were found as expected. Time consumed in the present study was less than old classical methods. Bones specimens formed were of high quality. Conclusions: Preparation of bone specimen by embalmed cadaver can be of immense value and time saver for many research institutes to get their self-prepared specimens. There are many more ways which has to be modified or rediscovered in this area of research, which has been neglected so far.

Occipitalization of Atlas.

Occipitalization of atlas is an osseous anomaly of the craniovertebral junction which occurs at the base of the skull in the region of the foramen magnum. The knowledge of such a fusion is important because skeletal abnormalities at the craniocervical junction may result in sudden death. During bone cleaning procedure and routine undergraduate osteology teaching, three skulls with Occipitalization of atlas were encountered in the department of Anatomy atMMIMSR,Mullana, India. In one skull, both anterior and posterior archwere completely fused with occipital bone while the transverse process on the right side was not fused whereas left transverse process was fused with occipital bone. Both anterior and posterior arch were completely fused whereas transverse process on both sides were not fused in other skull. In another skull, partial and asymmetrical Occipitalization of atlas vertebra with occipital bone was found with bifid posterior arch of atlas at the level of posterior tubercle. Anterior arch was completely fused with basilar part of occipital bone but both the transverse processes were not fused. Reduced diameter of foramenmagnum due to the atlanto-occipital fusion might cause neurological complications due to compression of spinal cord or medulla oblongata, vertebral vessels, 1st cervical nerve, thus, knowledge of occipitalization of the atlas may be of substantial importance to orthopaedicians, neurosurgeons, physicians and radiologists dealing with abnormalities of the cervical spine.

Colposcopy: A new ray in the diagnosis of oral lesions.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the oral cavity. The survival rates for oral cancer patients will significantly be improved provided lesions are detected and treated at the infancy stage. Early diagnosis is therefore of paramount importance. Histopathological examination is considered as the gold standard in diagnosing oral lesions. Therefore, the selection for a biopsy site is highly significant. In this article, we present a current review of the colposcope and oral application of the colposcopy technique and its use as an adjunct in the early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa. We stress upon the fact that colposcopy (direct oral microscopy) of oral mucosal lesions helps in selecting more representative sites for biopsy than routine clinical examination alone. Because of its precision, versatility, ease of use, and being a non-invasive technique, colposcopy might prove to be a useful step toward continuing to learn and improve the care for our patients.